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Showing posts with label Nigeria. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Nigeria. Show all posts

Tuesday, March 18, 2014

In Memory of Dr. Catherine Acholonu


Shortly before Catherine Obianuju Acholonu was hospitalized, she sent this e-mail message to Nenad M. Djurdjevic in which she expresses her belief that God is immutable and in this life we see dimly, as in shadows:

"The gods are back. In fact they never left their ancient posts for hundreds of thousands of years. There is no threat to Truth. Things happen when they must. The tide of life turns right, and then left, up and then down. It is all for providing sport for Deity. Nothing changes in their world, but semblances of change happen in ours, which are actually just shadows."

Catherine Acholonu
Alice C. Linsley

I received with sadness the news of the death of Igbo scholar, renowned writer, and university professor Catherine Acholonu-Olumba. Catherine Acholonu was born on 26 October 1951. She died this morning after being hospitalized for renal failure.  May she rest in peace.

We shared the same birth month and many of the same interests. We communicated by email and sometimes on Facebook. I refer to her research at Just Genesis and she referred to mine, saying "Alice C. Linsley is an original and originals are few."

Professor Catherine Obianuju Acholonu was the mother of four children and a leading scholar of Nigeria’s prehistory. She established the Catherine Acholonu Research Center in Abuja and traveled throughout Igboland conducting research. Dr. Acholonu regarded Iboland as the cradle of Afro-Sumerian peoples.

She gained a master’s degree (1977) and a Ph.D. (1987) from the University of Düsseldorf, Germany. From 1999 to 2002, she was the Special Adviser on Arts and Culture to the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, under ex President Obasanjo.

The late Dr. Acholonu was the author of at least eighteen books, many of which are used in secondary schools and universities in Nigeria, and in African Studies Departments in USA and Europe. She supported Radio Biafra and helped with the "million man march" and was steadfast in her defense of the indigenous peoples of Africa, especially in Biafra.

Catherine and American friend Sidney Davis

She was a strong advocate of traditional Igbo culture and religion and those who knew her well addressed her as Ezenwanyi, which in Igbo means "a women with the power of a king."

She advocated equality for women. Her book Motherism discusses gender, culture and identity with a focus on women and mothering. This is offered as the Afrocentric alternative to western feminism. Acholonu affirmed that the notion must “be anchored on the matrix of motherhood which is central to African metaphysic and has been the basis of the survival and unity of the black race.” For her, motherism denotes motherhood and therefore rules out lesbianism.

Acholonu recognizes complementarity between male and female, and refers to the Male and Female principles in the creative order. Yet she asserts that in the hierarchy of Nigerian society where the male dominates, there is yet respect for the reality that the female is the bearer of life.

She also maintained that Biblical Eden was in the Niger delta, for which there is some evidence if we understand Eden as being a vast well-watered region extending from the Niger Basin to the Nile Valley.

Dr. Acholonu connected the Ar of Canaan to the Aro of Nigeria. She wrote, "In Nigeria the caste under reference is the Ar/Aro caste of Igbo Eri priest-kings, who were highly militarized in their philosophy." The Amorites were the Am-Ar, meaning the people/tribe/caste of Ar. They are called the Aro among the people living at the confluence of the Benue and Niger Rivers in Nigeria. Some migrated to this well-watered region before the time of Abraham. Catherine Acholonu claimed that they were a caste of scribes.

She wrote, "The Igbo Ar/Aro are the scribes of the Igbo God Ele/El (Chukwu Abiama) who dwells in the southern extension of the Underground Duat called the Long Juju. They were and are still proficient in various kinds of ancient scripts called Akwukwo Aka Igwe, and Nsibidi which has many Sumerian pictographs and Egyptian hieroglyphics and has been said to be older than 5000 yrs. Sumerian pictographs were in use by 3500 BC. That shows how old Nsibidi is. It has been called the oldest writing system in Africa. The Aro were originally the military arm of the Eri clan of Priest-kings who were the first Pharaohs of Egypt and the first kings of the world. They were charged with guarding the Great Serpent's Shrine called ARO BU N'AGU."

Here is a YouTube video of Dr. Acholonu speaking on one of her favorite topics. Here is another video where she discusses "The Lost Testament of the Ancestors of Adam" - her eighteenth book.


Saturday, January 7, 2012

Exquisite Nok Figurine Discovered


A 2000-year Nok figurine of a female ruler.


This terracotta head, recovered in a village in Nigeria, is one of the best-preserved examples of its kind. It is a product of the Nok culture that flourished from about 1500 BC to AD 500.

Archaeologists Peter Breunig and Nicole Rupp of the Goethe-University Frankfurt in Germany uncovered the head during the 2010 field season. It was found in Kushe, a small village about 150 kilometers north of the capital Abuja. Amazingly, this specimen was very close to the surface - only 60 centimeters down.

The Nok terracottas are a mystery. No one knows for sure what they were used for. They may represent dead members of the Nok community and could have been a votive offering at a shrine. Alternatively, the figurines may have been grave goods.

Africa has seen a resurgence of archaeological activity to investigate Nok culture. Part of this has to do with interest in Iron Age societies in Africa, which is surging as anthropologists consider how technologies - especially those based on iron - spread. The Nok are considered to be one of the earliest, if not the earliest, people to smelt iron on the African continent.

However, the research is under threat. Over the past half-century countless Nok terracotta specimens have been looted from hundreds of sites in central Nigeria. The booty has found its way onto the international art and antiquities market, ending up in the hands of private art collectors.

From here.


Many similarly excellent figurines have been found within the sphere of Nok culture.  Here is one of a male ruler:

The triangular eyes and parted lips of Nok figurines
are characteristic of an artistic style that endured long after the disappearance of the Nok.


This Nok head has horns and is similar to horned heads found at Mohenjo-daro. 


c.800 BC 


The Nok terracotta people thrived from about 1000 BC to 200 AD.  This may not have been a "civilization" as much as a guild who specialized in the production of these distinctive red terracotta figures. Among them was another guild or caste of iron workers. The metal workers and the terracotta workers would have been in the service of the rulers. French archaeologists have located evidence of iron-smelting in the Termit Hills of Niger from as early as 1400 BC, and some Nok figurines date to as early as 1500 BC.

The ancestors of these people were probably Nilotes who migrated from the Nile to Lake Chad and along the great river basins that constitute the Benue Trough. The Igbo belong to MtDNA haplogroup L1, which first appeared approximately 150,000 to 170,000 years ago in East Africa. The Nilotic origin of many Igbo words is evident in the correspondence to ancient Egyptian words. The adornments are Bantu, suggesting a connection to the Volta-Niger language group. However, the reddish tone of the figurines suggests a Nilotic connection, possibly to the red Nubians.



Red and black Nubians
Detail from a Champollion drawing


The first workers of metal in the Bible are associated with the ruling line of Kain (Genesis 4). One of his descendants, Tubal-Cain, "forged all kinds of tools out of bronze and iron. Tubal-Cain's sister was Naamah." (Gen. 4:22) Naamah married her patrilineal cousin Methusaleh and named their firstborn son Lamech after her father.

Kain was a Proto-Saharan ruler who left his homeland and went eastward where he married into the royal house of Enoch/Anak. Anak's people were Proto-Saharan cattle-herders. In the Bible they are called Anakim, and are described as the "mighty men of old." The Proto-Saharans believed that the king or chief was divinely appointed by the overshadowing of the sun.  Note the solar symbol on the forehead of this Nok bust found near Jemaa, Nigeria.

Credit: Andre Held

The word Nok may be related to the Igbo word anochi which refers to rulers, or to the ritual of removing teeth which is called Naak. Or the word may be related to the biblical word anak.

The term anak is of Nilotic origin. Among the Nilotic Bisa, a small population of people who conform to the older ways, light skin cattle are called ánaku, which means "to bleach in the sun." This is probably the origin of the Biblical term Anakim for Abraham’s Ainu ancestors who had a lighter skin. The singular form of the word is ának. (Eric Ten Raa, The Couth and the Uncouth: Ethnic, Social, and Linguistic Divisions among the Sandawe of Central Tanzania, p. 148)

The hairstyle of the recently discovered figurine is almost identical to this Nok figurine:




This is similar to the style worn by Igbo women today. 




Related reading: Nok Head Figurine (Nigeria) | African Or Oceanic Objects | RoGallery; Was Nok Biblical Nod?; Is Nok/Enoch a Royal Title?; Extant Biblical Tribes and Clans; The Nok of Nigeria; The Teraphim: Idols or Ancestor Figurines?; Metal Workers of West Africa