The Mysterious Tarim Mummies

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

The Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, China, with its fertile rim of oases, was home to a homogeneous population living in two settlements about 600 kilometers apart. It is likely that marriage partners were exchanged between the settlements.

The physical features of the Tarim mummies initially suggested that they were Indo-European migrants. Many had high cheekbones and red or blonde hair. However, DNA analysis revealed they were a genetically isolated population descended from Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) who had not mixed with other groups for thousands of years.

Investigation of their genomic origins found that this isolated population practiced endogamy. Scientists analyzed genome-wide data from thirteen of the earliest known Tarim Basin mummies, dating to between 2,100 and 1,700 B.C., together with five individuals dating to 3,000 - 2,800 B.C. in the neighboring Dzungarian Basin. This first genomic study of prehistoric populations in the Xinjiang Uyghur Region included the earliest yet discovered human remains from the region. The researchers found that the Tarim Basin mummies were direct descendants of a once widespread Pleistocene population that had largely disappeared by the end of the last Ice Age.

Hundreds of mummified bodies have been found in the Tarim Basin. The oldest mummified remains date to about 2000 B.C., the time of Abraham. They are well preserved due to the dry conditions of the Taklamakan Desert. The process of desiccation dramatically slowed decomposition of the bodies and clothing. Some of the burial sites held boat-shaped coffins covered with cattle hides, woven textiles, cheese, grains, and death masks.

“Despite being genetically isolated, the Bronze Age peoples of the Tarim Basin were remarkably culturally cosmopolitan – they built their cuisine around wheat and dairy from the West Asia, millet from East Asia, and medicinal plants like Ephedra from Central Asia,” says Christina Warinner, a senior author of the study, a professor of Anthropology at Harvard University, and a research group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.

Below is a photo of one of the Tarim mummies, known as the "Ur-David" mummy or "Cherchen Man" (Chärchän Man). He wore a red twill tunic and leggings. The mummy dates to about 1000 B.C., the time of King David. He had reddish-brown hair and a ginger beard. Note the solar image on his cheek, suggesting that he was a chief. At that time, rulers were believed to be divinely appointed by being overshadowed by the sun, the primary symbol of the High God. A sun pattern on the mummy's face was applied using yellow ochre.

The image on his cheek appears to be a celestial horse., a symbol of the High God. Some burial sites included wooden horse bits and whips, indicating as equestrian culture. The kings of Judah constructed horses at the entrance to the temple in dedication to the sun, the symbol of the High God. (2 Kg. 23:11). Consider 2 Kings 2:11 - "As they [Elijah and Elisha] were walking along and talking together, suddenly a chariot of fire and horses of fire appeared and separated the two of them, and Elijah went up to heaven in a whirlwind."

Celtic coin showing the celestial horseman.

Some believe that the first horseman of the Apocalypse who rides a white horse represents Christ.

Joseph Campbell discovered that horse narratives involving a celestial rider are widespread, and often involve a hero who dies and rises, leading his people to victory. Some interpret this as reflecting solar and seasonal changes that mark public occasions such as harvest festivals, solstice celebrations, etc. Campbell considered this a "monomyth" because of the wide distribution of the common elements and themes. However, this belief in a celestial rider who overcomes death may be a glimmer of the Messianic beliefs of the early Hebrew ruler-priests (4000-2000 BC). 

 

Related reading: The surprising origins of the Tarim Basin mummies; The Sun and Celestial Horses; Righteous Rulers and the Resurrection

Abraham was a Descendant of Nimrod

 

The diagram shows another example of the cousin bride's naming prerogative, a distinctive feature of the early Hebrew marriage and ascendancy pattern. Nimrod's Mesopotamian wife was a cousin and a princess. She named their firstborn son Asshur after her father. 

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

The so-called “begats” are king lists that predate the Sumerian King Lists by at least 1500 years. To gain a clearer understanding of the influence and authority of these early Hebrew rulers we must consider Genesis chapter 10. Here we are told that Nimrod was a son of Kush, a Hebrew ruler in the Nile region. That is where the oldest known site of Hebrew worship was located at Nekhen.

Nimrod became a high-ranking Hebrew official in Sumer and later in Mesopotamia. He is known for his expansive building projects in Shinar, a region of independent city-states as early as 4100 B.C. Eridu (Eredo) was the earliest known city in Sumeria. The Sumerian King Lists describes Eridu as the “city of the first kings”, stating, “After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridu”.

Later Nimrod began building projects in Northern Mesopotamia which is referred to as “Assyria”. Genesis 10:11 states that Nimrod went into the territory of Asshur or Assyria. The words Asshur and Assyria are the same in Hebrew. Asshur the Younger had a brother named Arpachshad. Among Arpachshad’s descendants are Eber, Peleg, Joktan, Nahor, Terah, and Abraham (Gen. 11:10-33).

This diagram shows another example of the cousin bride's naming prerogative. Lamech the Elder's daughter Naamah named her firstborn son Lamech after her father. She married her patrilineal cousin Methuselah. 

Related reading: Nimrod's Mesopotamian Wife; Why Nekhen is Anthropologically Significant; Cousin Brides Among the Hebrew; The Cousin Bride's Naming Prerogative

The Pillars of God

 

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

The priests of the Ancient Nile Valley (ANV) were astronomers and architects. They recorded information about the fixed stars and clock-like motion of the planets for thousands of years.

 By 4245 BC, the priests of the Upper Nile had a calendar based on the appearance of the binary star system Sirius that becomes visible to the naked eye once every 1,461 years. Apparently, Nilotes had been tracking this star and connecting it to seasonal changes for thousands of years. 

The Priest Manetho reported in his history (241 BC) that Nilotes had been stargazing as early as 40,000 years ago. Plato, who studied for 13 years in Egypt, claimed that the Africans had been tracking the heavens for 10,000 years.

The early Nilotic priests assisted in the planning of royal tombs, pyramids, and temples. Most were oriented to the East with the entrances facing the rising sun because the sun was the symbol of the High God. Many of the temples were in cities or royal settlements that were dedicated to the Sun. One example is Heliopolis, meaning "Sun City". In the Bible Heliopolis is called On.

Heliopolis is mentioned in Isaiah 19:18 as one of five Egyptian cities that swore allegiance to the Lord of Hosts. The pyramids of Giza, Abusir and Saqqara were aligned to the main obelisk or central pillar of Heliopolis, testifying to the prominence of that Sun city.

Heliopolis was called Iunu, meaning place of pillars. The main temple or Great House had many pillars. The Hebrew also conceived of earth as resting on pillars. According to Genesis 1 God separated the dry land from the sea as one of the early acts of creation. Imagine a great sea with steam rising from deep underwater fissures in the earth. Now imagine volcanoes rising up from the sea. These are the "pillars of the earth" described in Psalm 72, Job 9:6, and I Samuel 2:8.

Job 9 speaks of God "who shakes the earth out of its place, and its pillars tremble." I Samuel 2:8 - "For the pillars of the earth are the Lord’s and he had set the world upon them." Among Abraham's Nilotic ancestors the original volcanic mound that emerged from the sea was called TaTJaNuN which means the "twin pillars of God in the water."

Pillars were used to mark sacred places, royal tombs, and the entrances to temples. In the Ugaritic creation story the twin mountains likewise are indicated by the sign T. The mountains Trgzz and Trmg emerged from a universal ocean and held up the firmament. The temples that the early Hebrew knew were pillared like this Hypostyle Hall at Karnak.

Karnak's main temple was dedicated to Amun-Ra, the high God. Ra or Re in ancient Egyptian means "father". Re was believed to have a son HR (Horus in Greek). HR in ancient Egyptian means "Most High One".

Originally, the Karnak temple complex was probably located on an island, Karnak's original geological configuration would have produced the illusion of rising from the inundation, recalling the early Nilotic creation story of pillars rising from the primal sea. The Nilotic peoples believed that the Nile was where the work of creation began when the Creator caused a mound to emerge from a primal sea. The first life form was a lily, growing on the peak of the emerging dry land called Tatjenen or TaTJaNun.

Nekhen is the oldest known site of Horite Hebrew worship. The oldest known temple at Nekhen was the Temple of Horus, a complex dating to around 3350-3200 BC. It featured a large oval courtyard, a central pole topped with Horus's falcon totem, and a shrine with large timber pillars. The Greeks called Nekhen Hierakonpolis, meaning "priest city." Nekhen was the religious and political capital of the Upper Nile before Egypt existed as a political entity.

It was common for pillars to be inscribed in memory of holy ancestors, as stained-glass windows in churches are dedicated to "pillars" of the congregation. The entrance pillars of Solomon's temple were named for Boaz, Solomon's holy ancestor on his father's side, and Joktan, a holy ancestor on his mother's side.

Related reading: The Prestige of Biblical On; BIBLICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Sun Cities of the Ancient World; Why Nekhen is Anthropologically Significant

Who Wrote Genesis?

By faith Abraham the Hebrew claimed the promises of God.

Alice C. Linsley


Who wrote Genesis? That important question can’t be answered definitely as there is much we don’t know about the dating of the material. It is certain, however, that a final hand on the Genesis material was Jewish. 

An inter-disciplinary approach to the question offers some satisfying, if not fully verifiable, answers. In this essay we consider the challenges when trying to date the authorship of the Book of Genesis.


Dating the Genesis “Prehistory”

Attempts to date the so-called “primeval history” of Genesis require shifting through layers of material. There are the creation narratives which have their closest parallels among African narratives. Some of those stories are older than the Bible itself. Elements of those stories are found in the Genesis creation narratives and are likely received from the early Hebrew (4200-2000 BC).

Then there is the question of dating the Hebrew rulers listed in Genesis 4, 5, 10, 11, 25 and 36. These are all members of the Hebrew ruler-priest caste. That can be verified by the fact that all of these rulers share a common kinship pattern which is characterized by caste endogamy. That means that Hebrew people married only Hebrew people. Further, great thought was given to the selection of marriage partners. (See Marriage Partner Selection Among the Hebrew.)

The Hebrew caste was organized into two ritual groups (moieties), the Horite Hebrew and the Sethite Hebrew. Funerary texts collected in the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (2400-2000 BC) make it clear that the Horites and the Sethites maintained separate settlements. Utterance 308 addresses them as separate entities: "Hail to you, Horus in the Horite Mounds! Hail to you, Horus in the Sethite Mounds!" PT Utterance 470 contrasts the Horite mounds with the Sethite mounds, designating the Horite Mounds "the High Mounds." (See Competition Between the Horites and Sethites.)

The Horite and Sethite Hebrew were devotees of HR (Horus in Greek), the archetype of the Son of God. He was also the patron of high kings. The oldest known site of Horite Hebrew worship was at Nekhen on the Nile (4000 BC). It was a city dedicated to Horus whose totem was the falcon.

Long before Judaism emerged, the Hebrew had dispersed across the ancient Near East and parts of Africa. 

Analysis of the social structure of the early Hebrew indicates a hierarchy of sons. The Hebrew marriage and ascendancy pattern that led to this hierarchy is already evident in Genesis 4 and 5. (See the Lamech Segment Analysis.)

The early Hebrew organization for mutual defense was the 3-clan confederation. The idea of 12 tribes developed much later under Judaism. Some of the 3-clan confederations are:

Cain, Abel, Seth

Shem, Ham, Japheth

Nahor, Abraham, Haran

Uz, Huz, Buz

Og, Gog, Magog (Gen. 10 and Nu. 21:33)

Korah, Aaron, Moses

The Hebrew confederation of 3 sons only makes sense when we recognize that these sons share the same father but have different mothers. (See Hebrew Rulers with Two Wives.)

The primary loyalty of the firstborn son of the first wife (usually a half-sister as was Sarah to Abraham) was to his father and his mother. That son was the Hebrew ruler's proper heir (as was Issac to Abraham.)

The loyalty of the firstborn son of the second wife (usually a patrilineal cousin as was Keturah to Abraham) was to his father and the clan of his mother. His son belonged to the household of his maternal grandfather and sometimes served as a high official in the territory of his maternal grandfather, as did Joseph in Egypt. (See Royal Sons and Their Maternal Uncles.)

The first loyalty of the firstborn son of a concubine depended on the status of his mother. This explains why concubines sometimes tried to usurp the rights of the firstborn sons of the ruler's two wives. Likely, this is the reality behind the story of Sarah's conflict with Hagar.

A Bedouin proverb summarizes the order of loyalty. 

I against my brother.
I and my brother against my cousin.
I, my brother, and my cousin against the world.

The final hand on the Book of Genesis recognized the 3-clan confederation pattern but attempted to shape the material to fit a Jewish narrative involving the land holdings of 12 tribes in Canaan and Transjordan. 

In other words, the final editorial hand on Genesis was an adherent of Judaism, a religion that emerged long after the time of the Hebrew rulers listed above. His religion and cultural context were quite different. Rabbi Stephen F. Wise, former Chief Rabbi of the United States, explains: "The return from Babylon and the introduction of the Babylonian Talmud mark the end of Hebrewism and the beginning of Judaism.”

Related reading: Hebrew, Israelite or Jew?; The Substance of Abraham's Faith; The Religious Symbolism of Green Malachite; Why the Name Jesus?; Reading Genesis as Verifiable History; BIBLICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Midrash in Genesis

The Human Story Beginning with Adam

 

Mary Leakey and her husband Louis Leakey

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

Mary Leakey’s 1979 discoveries in Tanzania added to the evidence that humans walked the earth 3 million years ago. At Laetoli, about 25 miles south of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, Leakey discovered footprints of a man, woman and child created about 3.6 million years ago and preserved under falling ash from the nearby Sadiman volcano. The raised arch and rounded heel of the footprints showed that whoever left these footprints walked as humans today. Unfortunately, Donald C. Johanson had already announced to the world that the finds were apes, though Mary Leakey would have classified her Laetoli finds as Homo/human. She expressed her regret that “the Laetoli fellow is now doomed to be called Australopithecus afarensis.”

Footprints left by archaic humans at site S in Laetoli.

Johanson and Mary Leakey were scheduled to speak at a Nobel Symposium in Sweden in May 1978. The conference honored Mary Leakey, who received a medal from the King of Sweden for her scientific investigations. Mary Leakey received the Golden Linnaean Medal but was embarrassed when Johanson announced the new name - Australopithecus afarensis - for his Afar Triangle finds and included Mary Leakey's 4-million-year-old Laetoli specimen (jawbone LH4) from Tanzania as an exhibit. 

Johanson, who was scheduled to speak before Mary Leakey, scooped Mary's speech. She was miffed that Johanson had given her discoveries a designation that did not align with what she believed to be the evidence. However, Johanson's label stuck. Today, based on more recent discoveries, he has reconsidered the ape designation. He admits in a paper published in February 2011, that the discovery of a complete fourth metatarsal of A. afarensis at Hadar shows the deep, flat base and tarsal facets that "imply that its midfoot had no ape-like midtarsal break. These features show that the A. afarensis foot was functionally like that of modern humans." (See the report: Carol Ward, William H. Kimbel, Donald C. Johanson) 

Evolutionary nomenclature often causes confusion. Humans labeled "Neanderthal" fit the morphology of the human fossils found in the Neander Valley in Germany. In August 1856, the area became famous for the discovery of Neanderthal 1, one of the first specimens of Homo neanderthalensis to be found. Classification of human fossils must be based on morphology, not ideology or an individual's ego. Human fossils can be classified into two groups: archaic and modern. Most paleoanthropologists agree that the term "modern" pertains to fossils dating to c. 300,000 and later.

Christians should try to understand what the data indicates about humans. To simply criticize anything that may be considered "evolution" exposes us to criticism by even fair-minded scientists. Consider this statement by Sabine Hossenfelder: "...scientists who claim, as Stephen Hawking did, that 'there is no possibility of a creator,' or as Victor Stenger has, that God is a 'falsified hypothesis,' demonstrate that they don’t understand the limits of their knowledge. When prominent scientists make such overconfident proclamations, they make me cringe." (An excerpt from Hossenfelder's Existential Physics, page 218.)

Further, ignorant statements about evolution reinforce the notion that the sciences and the Bible are in conflict. The sciences have a story to tell. The Messianic Faith expressed in Scripture also has a story to tell. Some are listening to the harmony and others are deaf.

A commonly circulated lie especially needs to be exposed. Cranial capacity is not an indicator of complexity of thought. The bicameral brain is designed to explore complex patterns. The binary feature triggers complexity of thought and innovation, just as the immense complexity of computers is based on binary language. Further, the binary reasoning of the early Hebrew is evident throughout the Hebrew Bible.

It is evident that the historical Adam and Eve did not live among archaic humans 3 million years ago. The Biblical writers recognized that the people among them with red skin tone were of an ancestral line of extreme antiquity. Some of these people were rulers in Edom. Some, like Kind David, came to rule in Israel. Esau is specifically described as being red in Genesis 26. David is described in the Bible as red/ruddy. Samuel, the son of a Horite Hebrew priest from Ramah, anointed him ruler. It is likely that Sameul also had a reddish skin tone.

And Samuel said to Jesse, "Are these all the children?" And he said, "There remains yet the youngest, and behold, he is tending the sheep." Then Samuel said to Jesse, "Send and bring him; for we will not sit down until he comes here." So he sent and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, with beautiful eyes and a handsome appearance. And the LORD said, "Arise, anoint him; for this is he." Then Samuel took the horn of oil and anointed him in the midst of his brothers; and the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon David from that day forward. And Samuel arose and went to Ramah. (1 Samuel 16:11- 13)

The words edom, adam, and odum (Hausa) refer to red, the color of blood. The root of these words is DM because there were no vowels in the early Semitic languages. The word dam refers to blood. The name Adam suggests that he was a red man. The red skin tone was characteristic of populations of the Lower Nile Valley such as the Horite and Sethite Hebrew.

Jeff A. Benner, who teaches the Hebrew, language, explains:

We are all familiar with the name "Adam" as found in the book of Genesis, but what does it really mean? Let us begin by looking at its roots. This word/name is a child root derived from the parent דם meaning, "blood". By placing the letter א in front of the parent root, the child rootאדם is formed and is related in meaning to דם (blood).

By examining a few other words derived from the child root אדם we can see a common meaning in them all. The Hebrew word אדמה (adamah) is the feminine form of אדם meaning "ground" (see Genesis 2:7). The word/name אדום (Edom) means "red". Each of these words have the common meaning of "red". Dam is the "red" blood, adamah is the "red" ground, edom is the color "red" and adam is the "red" man. There is one other connection between "adam" and "adamah" as seen in Genesis 2:7 which states that "the adam" was formed out of the "adamah". much later writers). In Genesis Adam and Eve are presented as the first of Abraham's royal ancestors. If we miss this, we will fail to understand what Genesis is telling us.

 

Adam is one of the founding fathers of the Hebrew ruler-priest caste. His wife Eve apparently expected her firstborn son to rule after Adam. This explains why Eve declares "Kaniti (Qaniti); I have gotten a man, as has YHWH" (Gen. 4:1). This is not Hebrew. Hebrew did not yet exist. This is ancient Akkadian, the language known to Nimrod, a son of Kush (Gen. 10).

Kaniti refers to king which suggests that Eve's words are a Messianic reference. The Akkadian itti, as in itti šarrim, means "with the king" or "for the king." It is attached to the names of royalty. Even today, the Oromo and the Luo of East Africa attach itti to names: Onditi, Kaartuumitti, Finfinneetti and Dimashqitti. 

That itti is associated with Nilotic rulers is evident in the name of the great Egyptian queen Nefertitti. This is the second time in the Bible that a woman of Abraham's ancestral bloodline is connected to the Messiah. The first is Genesis 3:15, which refers to the Seed of the "Woman" - not Eve, as Eve is not named until Genesis 3:20.

The name Kain/Cain has many linguistic equivalents: Qayan, Cain, and Kahn, as in Genghis Kahn, and the female variant Candace or Kandake, meaning queen. All these words refer to a ruler. The first rulers named in the Genesis king lists are Adam, Kain and Seth. They were rulers at the dawn of important technological advances (c. 6000–3150 BC) as indicated by the technologies mentioned in Genesis 4-6. They were not the first humans on earth. However, they are among the early Hebrew who leave the world a great legacy of innovation, inspiration, and religious practices that endure to this day.

Related reading: Adam was a Red Man; The Hebrew were a Caste; Horite and Sethite Hebrew Mounds; Orthodoxy Requires Binary Reasoning; Three Portraits of Adam; BIBLICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: The Edomites and the Color Red; What Paleoanthropologists Want to Discover; Facts About Evolution

Why the Name Jesus?

 

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

According to the early Nilotic Hebrew (4000-2000 BC), the first act of the Creator at the beginning was šw (Shu), meaning light. This is not the light of day. It is the eternal, uncreated light associated with the High God's son Y-shu (Yeshua), as proclaimed in John's Prologue.

Jesus or Yeshua is the name that was given to the son the Virgin Mary conceived by divine overshadowing. Luke 1:35 makes this clear. The angel explained to Mary: "The Holy Spirit will come on you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God."

As Joseph's cousin bride, it was Mary's prerogative to name her firstborn son after her father, Joachim. However, according to Matthew's Gospel, an angel appeared to Joseph in a dream and told him to name the child Jesus. The angel instructed Joseph, "You are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins".

The name Jesus is related to the Hebrew word Yeshua, meaning Salvation. However, the name is older than the Hebrew language. It is found as early as 2600 BC among the Hebrew priests of the Nile Valley as Yesu or Yeshu.

A prince named Yesu is mentioned as the son of Ameny, the son of Shenwy, the son of Nakht on a memorial stela from Abydos. It speaks of Shenwy and his wife, Hedjret. One of Hedjret's grandsons is called išw, which could be an early form of the name Jesus/Yeshu (Bill Manley, Egyptian Hieroglyphics, p. 77.)

The name Yesu is attached to the roles of priest and king in ancient hieroglyphics. Reading from left to right: The feather represents judgment. The horn represents power. The staff represents royal authority, and the chick represents new life. All of these symbols speak of Jesus Christ.

The end of Matthew chapter 1 makes this startling assertion. This Jesus is Emmanuel, God with us. Therefore, in addition to being our judge, our authority, our king, and the giver of new life, Jesus is God. 

"Therefore God has highly exalted him and given him the name that is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those in heaven and those on earth and those under the earth, and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father". (Phil 2:9-11)

Related reading: BIBLICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Who is Jesus?; They Believed in a Messiah 6000 Years Ago

Hebrew Priests at the High Places

 

Assyrian relief of an attack on the high place of Kalhu (Nimrud).

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

The Hebrew ruler-priest caste served at the high places of the ancient world. Many of these were under the authority of regional kings who had fortresses at high elevation for defensive purposes. The high place complex usually included a palace, treasury, temple or shrine, housing for servants, officials and priests, and a garrison. That is why some scholars note that even though bamah is translated as “high place” or “hill shrine,” many were located in populated areas.

The word bamah can also refer to a horned altar made of stone. The priests who served the ruler of the high places offered sacrificed on those altars. Because these high places were places of burnt offerings, they are often described as places of kar. The term kar is associated with charcoal and soot. The Turkish kara means "black." In Magyar, korom refers to soot, as does the Korean word kurim.

Many high places were rock shelters, signified by the term kar or car. Some have been identified in the Carpathian range. The range is called Karpaty in Czech, Polish, and Slovak, and Карпати in Ukrainian and Bulgarian, Carpați in Romanian, Karpaten in German, Kárpátok in Hungarian, Karpati in Serbian, and in Albanian, karpë means "rock."

The wife of Esau the Younger was called Oholibamah which means high tent or high place tabernacle. She was Horite Hebrew (Gen. 36).

The Hebrew ruler-priests served at such prestigious high places as Heliopolis (biblical On), and Uruk (biblical Erech).

The early Hebrew ruler-priests were concerned with establishing kingdoms. The kingdoms were delivered to the proper heirs by their fathers. That sounds Messianic. None of their kingdoms have survived. However, the kingdom of one of their direct descendants will endure forever. This was accomplished through the Cross and the third day Resurrection. "And of His kingdom there will be no end."

Related reading: Helen White, "High Places, Altars and the Bamah"; Karampetsos, Karambet, Karoutes; Who was Oholibamah?