Celebrity Burials at Giza

 

The angel holds the Shen symbol over the deceased king, the symbol for eternity.

The Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponds to the Egyptian Shen symbol for eternity.

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

The early Hebrew rulers and priests were "the mighty men of old" as described in Genesis 6:4. They were "heroes" of their time and "men of renown" (celebrities). They were known for their construction of temples, palaces, fortified cities, pyramids and ziggurats. The first person described as a city builder in the Bible is Cain. He built a settlement and named it after his son Enoch (Gen. 4). Enoch is a royal title.

Nilotic rulers constructed pyramids as elaborate tombs for themselves and for their wives. The pyramids were a repository for their mummified bodies and for objects they would need in the afterlife. They people of the Nile Valley Civilization (NVC) were very religious, and they viewed death as the beginning of a journey to life beyond. They hoped that one of their rulers would rise from the dead and lead his people to immortality. That is why they took such care in the preparation of the ruler's body before burial and why royal priests were retained to offer daily prayers for the deceased. 

As with esteemed people today such as the late Pope Francis, the funerals of the Nilotic Hebrew rulers included regal processions in which the families and officials accompanied the body of the deceased to the place of burial.

The pyramids were of such a grand scale that they inspired awe. The shape of the pyramid resembles a mountain, symbolic of the spatial sacred center between earth and heaven. It was hoped that the ruler would ascend to the place of immortality. 

The best-known pyramids are those at Giza in Egypt. South of these are other pyramids at Abusir and Saqqara (shown above). All these pyramids are aligned to the sacred city of Heliopolis (On or Iunu).

The Czech mission, led by Miroslav Barta, stated that the construction of the tombs in Abusir began during the mid 5th Dynasty and many priests and officials who worked in the Abusir Pyramid complex of the 5th Dynasty and the Sun Temples were buried there.

That is the case of the tomb of a priest named Rudj-Ka (or Rwd-Ka) that dates between 2465 and 2323 BC. Rudj-Ka was a priest who performed purification rituals for those who bore blood guilt and who had become contaminated through contact with blood or a corpse. Egyptian archaeologists discovered his tomb south of the cemetery of the pyramid builders at Giza. The tomb was unearthed near the pyramid builder's necropolis.

The tomb of Shepseskaf-ankh is the third tomb found at Abusir belonging to a priest-physician (wab sxmt or wab sekhmet). A huge false door inside the offerings chapel carries the names and titles of the tomb owner: “Priest of Re in the Temples of the Sun” and “Priest of Khnum” with other titles that indicate the high rank of this ruler-priest. Originally the huge limestone tomb was marked by a pyramid.

This 4,600-year small step pyramid was found at the archaeological site of al-Ghonemiya near the modern town of Edfu, Egypt.

Oriental Institute

The pyramid belongs to a series of almost identical small pyramids that have been discovered near several provincial centers in Egypt such as Elephantine, Nekhen, Naqada, Abydos, Zawiet el-Meitin near Minya, and Seila in the Fayum. The whole group dates to the reign of Pharaoh Huni (c.2600 BC), the last ruler of the 3rd Dynasty. They date to about 600 years before the time of Abraham.

Related reading: Ancient Egyptian Geometry; Sun Cities of the Ancient World; Horite and Sethite Mounds; Competition Between the Horites and the Sethites; Early Resurrection Texts; Funerary Rites and the Hope of Resurrection; Just Genesis: The Pyramids of Bosnia; BIBLICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Divine Nature (Alpha) and Eternal Being (Omega)

Racism of Young-Earth Creationists

Alice C. Linsley

At the back of Young Earth Creationist books such as Coming to Grips with Genesis: Biblical Authority and the Age of the Earth by Terry Mortenson one finds the 12 Affirmations and Denials. Affirmation XII claims that the diversity of languages and skin color came about as a result of divine judgment at the Tower of Babel.

XII. We affirm that all people living and dead are descended from Adam and Eve...and that the various people groups (with their various languages, cultures, and distinctive physical characteristics, including skin color) arose as a result of God's supernatural judgment at the Tower of Babel..."

This is the easiest of the Young Earth Creationist claims to refute since the evidence of many languages and skin colors before the time of the Tower of Babel is overwhelming and cannot be denied by reasonable persons. The spread of the early written marks is an example. Other examples involve the dispersion of peoples out of Africa and studies of phoneme variance among them. A recent phoneme study has identified the Nile Valley as the point of origin of modern languages. These dispersed peoples had a range of skin color and languages and they were already widely dispersed before the time of Noah and his 3 sons.

Tera means priest in the ancient Egyptian (and in Japan). Abraham's father was Terah (Tera). This is a title, as is evident from the Petrie image above which gives tera-neter as "one devoted to God." Tera is a title associated with the Ainu, the builders of the shrine city of On (Heliopolis) on the Nile. The Harris papyrus speaks of 'apiru (Hebrew) of Re at Heliopolis. Joseph married into this royal priest line when he took Asenath as his wife. She was a daughter of the priest of On, also known as Iunu, meaning "place of pillars."

The Horite priests of Heliopolis were known for their meticulous devotion to the Creator and his son, and for their sobriety and purity of life. Plutarch wrote that the “priests of the Sun at Heliopolis never carry wine into their temples, for they regard it as indecent for those who are devoted to the service of any god to indulge in the drinking of wine whilst they are under the immediate inspection of their Lord and King. The priests of the other deities are not so scrupulous in this respect, for they use it, though sparingly.” 

The Nilotic Ainu had a reddish-brown skin tone and their elders wore beards, moustaches and caps with frontal knobs, just as do the Ainu elders of Japan and Eastern Canada. The Ainu spread from the Nile to Japan and to Northeastern Canada via Scandinavia. In Canada they are known as the Micmaq. They came in two waves from the Middle East to Scandinavia, then to Greenland and to the Hudson Bay area of Eastern Canada. They are in haplogroup X2b5, which is traced by maternal line and dates to about 1,550 B.C.

There is evidence that the early written signs of the Nilotic Ainu may have become the basis for the Ainu script of Japan. It is perhaps the most lasting heritage of the Ainu of whom only about 300 pure-blooded remain. This explains why the Hebrew and Japanese alphabets are so similar.

Migrations Out of Africa

The negrito Andaman and Nicobar Islanders migrated between 70,000 and 50,000 years ago from Africa and Arabia along the coastlines, and eventually crossing the seas.  The Onges and Jarawas of Andaman and Nicobar belong to Haplotype D, a subtype of Haplogroup C, which is also common in Tibet and Japan. The Ainu aboriginal people of Japan are in haplotype D (Y-chromosome) and haplogroup X (mitochondrial chromosome).

Michael Petraglia, from the University of Cambridge, found stone tools at Jwalapuram in Andhra Pradesh, in southern India that were remarkably similar to those found in the African Middle Stone Age about 100,000 years ago. He states, “Whoever was living in India was doing things identical to modern humans living in Africa.”

Thomas Strasser and his team found hundreds of tools of African origin on Crete dating to between 100,000 and 130,000 years. Others have been found on the Iranian plateaus. Ancient African artifacts have even been found in China. There is considerable tool and pottery evidence indicating prehistoric movements out of the Nile Valley.

The 20,000 year old human skeletons found at Lake Mungo in New South Wales are likely descendants of early peoples who migrated from Africa, if we follow the red ochre trail. The Lake Mungo population buried its rulers in red ochre, derived from hematite (Fe2O3). This appears to have been a common practices among ancient peoples who dispersed out of Africa. The earliest known use of red ochre powder (300,000 years) is at the site GnJh-03 in the Kapthurin Formation of East Africa, and at Twin Rivers in Zambia.

The Kushite movement out of the Nile Valley is a more recent exodus. The Kushites went as far east as the Philippine Islands. (See Kushites in Mindanao.)


The Proto-Saharans (ca. 10,000-3000 BC)

Between 10,000-3000 years ago the Sahara was much wetter. Seasonal rainfall turned the Sahara into a fertile savannah with sedentary populations. The oldest known cemetery in the Sahara (ca. 7500 B.C.) reveals "The burial density, tool kit, ceramics, and midden fauna suggest a largely sedentary population with a subsistence economy based on fishing and on hunting of a range of savanna vertebrates." The discovery was made by National Geographic photographer Mike Hettwer in 2000.

Proto-Saharan peoples fished and hunted. Ancient Sudan rock paintings show fishing nets. The much older Khormusan sites of ancient Nubia (65,000 and 55,000 years) also reveal evidence of fishing and hunting.

The Proto-Saharans navigated the interconnected rivers which were their highways and trade routes. Sudan, Chad, Nigeria, and Niger had rivers and lakes that connected to major water systems that are identifiable today, such as the Niger, the Benue, Lake Chad and the Nile. The 8000 year old Dufuna boat, a fishing dugout, was found buried in the Sahara.

The cave paintings at Gilf Kebir in the Sahara date to about 6000 BC. At that time a sizeable community lived on this vast sandstone plateau near the Egyptian-Libyan border, about 400 miles from the Nile.

The Proto-Saharans raised cattle in the Lake Chad region which was a much larger lake. They venerated cattle and left behind engravings of bulls and cows with solar disc between their horns. This image was associated with Hathor, the Virgin Queen whose son was Horus. They built the oldest known fortress city dedicated to Horus and Hathor at Nekhen (4000 BC). At archaeologists have discovered a temple, elaborate burial sites, and evidence of animal sacrifice. The rulers of Nekhen had access to sub-Saharan mineral resources of the eastern desert. The high quality of the gold work at Nekhen is evidenced by the discovery of this gold plumed falcon representing Horus.

Proto-Saharan peoples moved into the Nile Valley as the Sahara began to dry. Some would later be called "Kushites." Some crossed the Indian Ocean from East Africa and settled in southern India. These are the Dravidians. There is a close linguistic and religious connection between the Kushites and the Dravidians. The Africanist Geoffrey Parrinder has noted that at least twenty-five tribes in East Africa worship Murungu as the Supreme God, and like the Dravidian god Murugan, the African Murungu self-reveals on sacred mountains.


The Kushite Expansion (ca. 3500-1500 BC)

Genetic research indicates that the term "Kushite" embraces a wide range of peoples. Some of Abraham's ancestors came out of the Nile Valley and are referred to as Kushites in Genesis 10:6-12. Kushite in the Bible refers to the descendants of Noah by his grandson Kush. However, the term includes many people of different skin tones and languages. The Amratian "Kushites" lived about 4000-3500 BC, before the time of Noah.

The Kushites included red and black Nubians, reddish Ainu, red, white and black Canaanites, red, black and yellow Nilotes, red-brown, light brown, black and yellow Egyptians, red-brown and black Sudra, and red, white and brown Mesopotamians. The variety of skin tones is evident on ancient monument paintings in Egypt, Sudan and in the Middle East and Turkey.

Red and black Nubian captives
(Detail from Ippolito Rosellini's drawing from the 1828 Franco-Tuscan expedition to Egypt)

Genesis 10 speaks of the migration of the Kushites into Mesopotamia. The Kushite migration has been confirmed by DNA studies. The Kushites were great pyramid builders and the ziggurats were a type of stepped pyramid similar to that of Djoser at Saqqara constructed between 2667–2648 BC. No pyramids had yet been built in Sumer/Kish. The ziggurats date to the Akkadian period, about 2334–2218 BC. The earliest monarch of Sumer whose historical existence has been independently attested through archaeological inscription ruled Kish about 2700–2600 BC.

Amenhotep III ruled between about 1382 and 1350 B.C. His name means "peace of Amen" and indicates a date when Amen, a name for God was favored over the name Set, which was favored in the Delta. It was during the 18th dynasty that the title 'King's Son of Kush' was first used. The earlier known Kushite ruler was called Kashta which means "The Throne of Kush." This is about 1000 years after the construction of ziggurats, so the Kushite expansion out of Africa is one of the most recent movements out of Africa.

The Kushite expansion out of the Nile Valley is one of the later migrations out of Africa, between about 3500 and 1500 B.C. The Kushites represent a highly organized people, consisting of numerous clans and castes. Their rulers controlled the major water systems and founded early mining industries along the Nile and in southern Israel. Nimrod was a Kushite kingdom builder. He and his brother Ramah were the sons of Kush (Gen. 10:6-12).

The Biblical term "Kushite" refers to peoples, castes and specific culture traits that emerged from the archaic Proto-Saharans. This would include Canaanites, Hittites, Sumerians, Elamites, and the Horite Hebrew/Habiru. Among these peoples there was a wide range of skin color and a great diversity of languages. To this day, the greatest linguistic and genetic diversity exists in Africa, from which the ancestors of these peoples spread along the coastlines and by sea around 70,000 years ago.

Linguistic Diversity

There are hundreds of language families in the world. Each subdivides into hundreds of languages, dialects and sub-dialects. The most diverse of the language groups is the oldest group, the Afro-Asiatic language family. This includes Chadic, Kushitic, Ugaritic, Elamite, Semitic, Hausa, Amharic, Ethiopic, Magyar, Ancient Egyptian, Ancient Babylonian, etc. There is also a linguistic connection to Dravidian and Yoruba.

All the peoples and rulers mentioned in Genesis 10 can be placed linguistically within this language family. The Bible is their story. It tells how God fulfilled the promise of the Son that was made to their ancestors in Eden (Gen. 3:15). These peoples exhibit a range of physical features so that it is impossible to speak of a "race" - a term that does not appear in the Bible. It is ignorant and groundless to assert that skin color is the result of God's judgment.

I agree with Dr. Joshua Zorn, a former young-earth creationist, who said: "The worst aspect of YECS teaching is that it creates a nearly insurmountable barrier between the educated world and the church."

Related reading: Bishop Ussher's Flawed Timeline; The Begats Speak of the First people on Earth?; The Tower of Babel; The Red-City of Petra Reflects Horite Beliefs; The Nile and Tigris Linguistically Connected; The Afro-Asiatic Dominion; The Nile-Japan Ainu Connection; A Kindling of Ancient Memory; Moses' Horite Family; Nilotic Cattle Herders; Genesis as History?

Pyramids and Mounds Galore!

LONDON, ENGLAND—Sixteen pyramids sitting atop tombs have been unearthed since 1998 in a large cemetery near the ancient town of Gematon in Sudan. The largest was about 35 feet long on each side and would have stood some 43 feet tall. “So far, we’ve excavated six made out of stone and 10 made out of mud brick,” Derek Welsby of the British Museum told Live Science. Other tombs in the 2,000-year-old cemetery were topped with rectangular structures known as mastabas, or piles of rocks called tumuli. Most of the tombs at the site have been looted, but one yielded a royal tin-bronze offering table bearing a scene showing a prince or priest offering incense and libations to the god Osiris, ruler of the underworld. Osiris and the goddess Isis, who is also shown in the image, originated in Egypt, but they were also venerated in Kush. Gematon was eventually abandoned as trade routes changed and the economy of the Roman Empire deteriorated.

From here.


Jay Eppinga, an engineer, on the Kushite pyramids


I'm impressed. These Kushites had a lot going for them. I checked dimensions using a cad program. The claim about the tetrahedrons and the cube has also been verified for good measure. Here are the observations I recorded this morning:

The Kushite pyramid ruins with dimensions 35’ at the base, altitude 43’, has the following interesting properties:

The triangle formed by the isometric view of the pyramid has sides of length 49.5’ at the base, 49.6’ at the sides. The top apex angle is 59.85 degrees, and the base angles are 60.08 degrees each. It is not in the strictest mathematical sense, ‘equilateral’. When we factor in stochastic considerations, we see the equilateral triangle more clearly.

The shifting of any one of these edifices over time is probably greater than the “inexact” nature of ancient technologies with respect to geometric tolerances and dimensioning.

The more I think about it, the more I realize that the Kushites had to be going for the Equilateral Triangle:

1) Mathematically speaking, it really is an either/or type of thing. It's either the equilateral triangle of the 45/45/90;

2) The 45/45/90 thing lends itself to starting with a solid object, and then subtracting with an extrude operation, two directions (perpendicular to one another;

3) On the other hand, the 60/60/60 thing lends itself to -additive- construction techniques. Kind of like modern homeowners do when they stake out a garden or a shed in their backyard, starting with stakes and ropes (in this case, the Kushites would be working in 3d);

4a) How would they notice such a pyramid? There are two ways I can think of this. One way is starting with very small models (the size of one's hand, perhaps), and they would sort of 'hit' on the proportions eventually by playing around. 11th grade trig students might notice the 3/4/5 right triangle in similar fashion;

4b) Another way they might notice is more unusual, but not outside the realm of possibility. They might have noticed the (35x4)x43 pyramid by thinking about it. Stephen Hawking e.g., has trained his mind to work through physics equations without the benefit of something to keep track of the calculations. As for 3d thinking, Michelangelo demonstrated this ability in his work on the Statue of David (other examples of this abound);

5) How would they build such a pyramid? My guess is with rope. They could rope the sides the same way a homeowner would rope in a garden, and then they could build upwards until the hypotenuses are 'taut', something like that. Tricky. It would take some trial and error to perfect.

6) Ropes and construction sometimes go together. In my own ethnic background, there is a true about two competing towns in Medieval Friesland who wanted to have bragging rights to the larger church steeple. One town built a large steeple and then stuck up their noses about it. The other snuck in one night and measured the steeple, with the intent of using the measuring rope to help them build a larger steeple in their own town. The first town caught wind of the 'plot', and sent in some of their own spies late one night. The rogues cut the rope and made off with the remnant, causing the second town to build an inferior steeple. To this day, the residents refer to one another as, "Tower Builders," and the other side as "Rope Cutters." Alas, the rivalry persists to this day, and while it may be said that they are more civil to one another than spectators in South American soccer matches, it might not be saying much. Ropes .. might have helped the Kushites build their pyramids. They could easily copy pyramids this way (are the ones they just discovered all the same dimensions?). Just a theory.

4000 year Egyptian rope coils

Now I'm starting to wonder about the Hopewell thing over in Chillecothe. There are several of these in Ohio, very similar to one another and in very different places, in varied orientations. But that's a tangent.

END

Very  interesting, Jay. This is something to pursue.

The mound builders of Ohio continued down to Mississippi and Louisiana. Emerald Mound, built and used during the Mississippian period between 1250 and 1600 AD was a ceremonial center for the local population, which resided in outlying villages and hamlets. Its builders were the ancestors of the Natchez Indians. Na'Tchez appears to be related to the vary ancient Akkadian language. word. Na is a modal prefix in Akkadian. It means of, belonging to, or affiliated with, and T refers to crossing or the solar arc. We know that the Nilotic Ainu came to North America. In eastern Canada they are called Mikmaq. Their word for house or a sacred edifice was chis/chisei. Perhaps Na-T-Chez means something like "The Sun crosses over this place." 
Lots to think about!

Related reading: Miniature Pyramids of Sudan; The Pyramids of Bosnia; The Pyramids of China; The Pyramids of Sedeinga; 17 Undiscovered Pyramids Seen From Space; Newly Discovered Pyramid Near Edfu; Twin Pyramids in Zinder

Newly Discovered Pyramid Predates Noah

4,600-year-old step pyramid discovered near the modern town of Edfu, Egypt.
Image credit: Oriental Institute

The pyramid belongs to a series of almost identical small pyramids that have been discovered near several provincial centers in Egypt such as Elephantine, Hierakonpolis, Naqada, Abydos, Zawiet el-Meitin near Minya, and Seila in the Fayum.

According to an inscription found at Elephantine that can be linked directly to this pyramid, the whole group dates to the reign of Pharaoh Huni (around 2600 BC), last ruler of the 3rd Dynasty.

The monument is situated north of the modern village of al-Ghonemiya – between the edge of the desert and the cultivated areas of the Nile Valley, about 5 km south of Tell Edfu and at 25 km south of the pyramid of al-Kula, which is linked to the major Predynastic site of Hierakonpolis.

Read it all here.


Hierakonpolis (Nekhen) was a Predynastic shrine city dedicated to Horus. The priests there were Horites. During the 1897/1898 field season, British archaeologist J. E. Quibell found what is called the “Narmer Palette” at Nekhen. The Narmer Palette illustrates Narmer’s unification of the Nilotic peoples. Noah likely would have known this prestigious city which was on the Nile. Noah lived about 2490-2415 B.C. when the Sahara was wet. This step pyramid predates Noah by about 200 years.

Related reading: Abraham's Habiru Ancestors; Boats and Cows of the Nilo-Saharans; Undiscovered Pyramids Seen From Space

Sudan is Archaeologically Rich

“Sudan is the only country in sub-Saharan Africa that has real archaeology and local teams working,” said Claude Rilly, the director of the French Archaeological Unit in Sudan.

Though its historical importance has long been overshadowed by Egypt, its neighbor to the north, Sudan’s archaeological record is pivotal to understanding the history of Africa itself, experts say, and a wave of new discoveries may be adding crucial new information.

“The history of Sudan can play a role for Africa that Greece played for the history of Europe,” Mr. Rilly said enthusiastically. “People have been living here for 5,000 years” along the Nile, he added. “It is difficult not to find something.”

One overlooked fact is that Sudan has more pyramids than Egypt, in places like Nuri and Bijrawiyah, though they are smaller and not as old. In the town of Sedeinga in northern Sudan, for instance, Mr. Rilly and others excavated 35 small pyramids in the past few years, a discovery that points to what he called an ancient “democratization of pyramids.”

Read it all here.

Important Archaeological Discoveries of Sudan

Alice C. Linsley

We must look to the ancient Nilo-Saharans for antecedents of the Biblical worldview as this is the region from which Abraham's ancestors came. At Nekhen the following discoveries have been made:

The oldest known Horite shrine. Votive offerings at Nekhen were ten times larger than the normal mace heads and bowls found elsewhere, suggesting that this was a very prestigious shrine. Horite priests placed invocations to Horus at the summit of the fortress as the sun rose.

A pillared hall complex spreading out to the south. Pillars are a typical architectural feature of royal palaces, tombs and temples among Horite Hebrew Abraham's ancestors. Pillars were often inscribed with the names of righteous ancestors.

The oldest known painted tomb (Tomb 100) with plaster walls. It dates to between 3500 and 3200 BC. Pillared chapels also have been discovered.

The oldest known menagerie that dates to ca. 3500 BC. The royal collection included leopards, hippos, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and crocodiles. As this is Noah's homeland, there appears to be historical basis to the story of his preserving a collection of animals.

The largest flint knives, dating to ca. 3200 BC. These were for ritual use, including circumcision.

Found at Tel Gezer (dated 12th to mid-11th century BC)
The Egyptian word for phallus was khenen (hnn).
It is related to khenty, meaning "before" or "in front."

Both males and females were circumcised, as is still the custom in Sudan.  This reflects the binary framework of Nilo-Saharan thought. Male circumcision was seen as enhancement of maleness by the removal of the flabby foreskin. Female circumcision was seen enhancement of femaleness by the removal of the penis-like clitoris.

The binary view pertains to other living organisms such as trees. In Genesis 12:6 we read that Abraham sought guidance from the “moreh” or prophet when he pitched his tent at the Moreh’s Oak. Male prophets sat under firm upright trees such as oaks. These represent the masculine principle. Female prophets sat under soft trees with more fluid motion such as date nut palms. These trees are called "tamars" and they represent the feminine principle. Judges 4:4-6 says, “Deborah, the wife of Lappidoth, was a prophet who was judging Israel at that time. She would sit under the Palm of Deborah, between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites would go to her for judgment."

Genesis 12 places the Moreh’s Oak at the sacred center between Ai and Bethel, on an east-west axis. Deborah's Palm was between Bethel and Ramah, on a north-south axis. Note the reversal of cardinal points and gender associations. This is typical of the binary system of the ancient Nilo-Saharans.

Related reading:  Africa is Archaeologically Rich; Circumcision and Binary Distinctions; Kushite Gold; The Origin of Circumcision; Water Systems Connected Nile and Central Africa; Kushite Diversity and Unity; Genesis on the Ancient Kingdom Builders; Levi-Strauss and Derrida on Binary Oppositions; Sixteen Pyramids Unearthed at Kushite Cemetery

The Pyramids of Bosnia

The Bosnian Pyramid Valley consists of the five pyramids.

According to Wikipedia everything is fabricated and a hoax and these pyramids are random hills. However, there is no doubt that the people living in the Visoko region were pyramid people. Here is a photo of a votive pyramid unearthed in Visoko. It dates to ca. 5th millenium BC. These were likely the ancestors of the Kushan who constructed similar pyramids in the Tarum Valley of China.

 

Pyramid of the Sun, Visoko, Bosnia
Photo credit: Jock William Doubleday

This tunnel is reinforced with timbers, but the original is very similar to the well-preserved fogou at Carn Euny in Cornwall, England. Genetic and linguistic studies indicate that ancient stone masons from Serbia migrated to South Western England.

Artificial, extremely hard ancient concrete on the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun
Photo credit: Jock William Doubleday, taken July 26, 2014

There is little doubt that thousands of years ago rulers were building pyramids across the surface of the earth. The pyramids reflect a fairly sophisticated knowledge of astronomy and architecture. The Visocica hill that rises above the town of Visoko, near Sarajevo, appears to be a natural mound worked by humans probably no earlier than 5000 years ago.

Semir Osmanagic investigated the site in his homeland. "The hill was already there," he said. "Some ancient civilization just shaped it and then coated it with this primitive concrete -- and there you have a pyramid."

Ancient sites such as pyramids, tombs and fortresses often align with the cardinal points and open to the east and/or west. The alignments of many ancient sites appears to reflect knowledge of sidereal astronomy. Some sites align to the point of origin of the people who built them. Old Arabic is sometimes called "Dedanite" because that is where the largest concentration of old Arabic scripts has been found. The oldest mosques were aligned to a site in Dedan.

Ancient Nilotic rulers aligned their pyramids at Giza, Saqqara and Abusir to the obelisk at Heliopolis (Biblical Onn/Annu), the geodetic center of Egypt. The corners of most of the 4th - 6th dynasty pyramids are aligned to Heliopolis. The pyramid triads at Giza, Zaqqara and Abusir are examples. Baalbek in Lebanon, also called Heliopolis, aligns to the obelisk in Heliopolis, the City of the Sun.

Number Symbolism of Pyramids and Shrines 

The number 72 represents the number of years it takes for the constellations to move one degree due to precession. The Great Pyramid and Angkor Wat are nearly 72° apart, along the circle's circumference (diagram below). It has been noted also that Angkor Wat is located 72° of longitude east of the Pyramids of Giza. Angkor is related to the ancient Egyptian Anhk-Hor, meaning "Long live Horus."

Credit: Jim Alison

Point A represents the Angkor Wat complex of 72 shrines.

G represents the Great Pyramid of Egypt.

Point I represents Har-Appa in the Indus valley. Har-Appa means "Horus is Father." 

Point M is the pyramid at Machupicchu with 72 steps. Point E is Easter Island.

The number 72 also represents deified rulers, or Horim. In Exodus Moses and Joshua appointed 70 elders to serve with them. In the Qur'an there are 72 Houris. These are not full-breasted virgins to be enjoyed by martyrs in the afterlife. In a note to his fellow hijackers, September 11 ringleader Muhammad Atta reminded them of their impending "marriage in Paradise" to the 72 virgins or Houris. Islamic extremists refer to suicide bombing as a "wedding to the black-eyed in eternal Paradise." However, the shock of Atta's afterlife will be to discover that the 72 Houris are, as Arabic scholar Dr. Maher Hathout argues "beings of distinction."

Walls of Eredo in Nigeria

The walls of Eredo are about 72 feet high and run a length of about 100 miles, making this Africa's largest monument. The British archaeologist Patrick Darling is credited with drawing world attention to the discovery of the Eredo system of walls. He reports, "We are not linking what we found to a city, but to a vast kingdom boundary rampart."

The New Temple described in Revelation 21:17 has walls that are 72 yards high (144 cubits).

Tomb Building and Mining

In the ancient world the people who were experts in mining operations were also responsible for building excavated tombs and pyramids such as those found in Bosnia and the Tarum Valley of China. This continued to the time of Jesus. Joseph of Ar-Mathea was a mining expert who had business and probably family in Cornwall, England. He was also a tomb builder. Jesus' body was laid to rest in Joseph's own tomb. This would have been a tomb fitting for a ruler-priest. Joseph was a member of the Sanhedrin.

Related reading: Results of Tests of Water in the Bosnian Pyramid Valley Bosnian Mound Could Be a Pyramid; Twin Pyramids and Sphinx in Zinder; Kushan Pyramids in Xian China; Seventeen Undiscovered Pyramids Seen from Space; More Pyramids in Sudan

More Pyramids in Sudan

At least 35 small pyramids, along with graves, have been discovered clustered closely together at a site called Sedeinga in Sudan.

Discovered between 2009 and 2012, researchers are surprised at how densely the pyramids are concentrated. In one field season alone, in 2011, the research team discovered 13 pyramids packed into roughly 5,381 square feet (500 square meters), or slightly larger than an NBA basketball court.

They date back around 2,000 years to a time when a kingdom named Kush flourished in Sudan. Kush shared a border with Egypt and, later on, the Roman Empire. The desire of the kingdom's people to build pyramids was apparently influenced by Egyptian funerary architecture.

Read it all here.


Related reading: Who Were the Kushites?; Undiscovered Pyramids Seen From Space; The Afro-Asiatic Dominion; Ancient African Astonomers; Sixteen Pyramids Unearthed at Kushite Cemetery

The Kushite-Kushan Connection

Gold Kushan amulet found in Bactria

Alice C. Linsley

I have been exploring the connection between the ancient Kushites and the Kushan (Kuşāņa) of Bactria and China. There are linguistic connections and similar culture traits. One trait that they have in common is cranial deformation. The practice of cranial deformation is found among Nilotic peoples and in Bactria and Sogdiana among the Kushan.

The earliest Kushan dynasty about which we have information dates to 5 BC - 50 A.D. (For lists of the Kushan rulers go here.) The Kushan split into northern and southern empires around 330 A.D.

The Yuezhi in Central Asia, from 176 BC to 30 AD

The Kushites and the Kushan were great pyramid builders. Pyramids have been found from Niger to Bosnia and China.

Their religious beliefs parallel those of the rulers of the Afro-Asiatic Dominion. They share a religious tradition that includes ancestor veneration, henotheism, and belief in the divine appointment of rulers. Additionally, the Kushan have a priest caste, practice animal sacrifice, and venerate of the Sun. The commonality is due to the way these religions developed organically from the archaic religion spread by the ruler-priests who are called "the mighty men of old" in Genesis 6:4.

Pyramids in Xian China in the Tarum Valley
The so-called "Ur-David" mummy (1900 BC) was found here. 
He was tall and had red hair. 

The Kushite and the Kushan both mummified their rulers. There are definite similarities in clothing, facial appearance, skin tone, and religious practices among the Kushan-Yuetzhi and the Nilotic Ainu. The gold medallion belts found at Kushan graves are similar to the roundel belts depicted on statues of ruler-priests found within the temple complex at Hatra between the Tigris and Euphrates. The rulers of Hatra controlled commerce that moved through their territory along the two main caravan routes that connected Mesopotamia with Syria and Asia Minor. The principle deity was Shamash whose emblem was the Sun. Shamash means "throne of the Sun" in Arabic. This is the same deity as Ra who overshadowed Hathor-Meri. She became pregnant and gave birth to Horus.

The rulers of Edom were devotees of Horus (Horites). The Edomites are associated with the color red (edom means red). Probably some had red hair and a reddish skin tone. This is the Biblical description of Isaac's son Esau who was born red and hairy. Esau the Younger married a Horite woman of Edom, a descendant of Seir the Horite (Gen. 36).

There are many connections between Japanese and African words. For example, the name Isahi appears to be a variant of Esau or Issa. Kishi appears to be a variant of Kish and Kush. Obito, the title for a regional chief in Japan, is related to the Edo (Africa)/Edomite (Southern Arabia) word for chief, which is Oba. The first ruler of Petra was the Horite ruler Obodas. These ancient rulers were said to have a reddish skin tone (as was the case with Esau and David). The ancient Greeks called Edom "Idumea" which means "land of red people." The original name of Tokyo was Edo.

It is believed that the Saka moved into Ireland and the British Isles bringing with them iron work, horses, and their religious beliefs which centered on a supreme creator God whose emblem was the Sun.  The prevalence of solar imagery in the ancient world is evident in the study of sacred texts. Psalm 92:2 describes the Lord as “a sun and a shield.” The Victory Tablet of Amenhotep III describes Horus as “The Good God, Golden [Horus/Her], Shining in the chariot, like the rising of the sun; great in strength, strong in might…” (Tablet of Victory of Amenhotep III, J.H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Two, p. 854).

Horse and solar chariot
Early Bronze Age, c. 1400 B.C.

This beautiful artifact was found in a bog in Denmark in 1902. It is made of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, but to gain the tin the craftsman had to trade with metal workers from as far south as Spain. The ancient tin route ran from Spain through Cornwall, England and Ireland to Denmark, the Scandinavian Peninsula, and Finland. 

Kushan Bust from Gandhara
The Kushan are regarded as the founders of Peshawar, then called Purushapura.

Saka Yuetzhi warrior
The Yuezhi conquered Bactria in the 2nd century BC.

Stone face at Kilkenny Castle

According to the Matsya, an ancient book from India, the world belonged to the Kushite Saka (Sacae/Saxon) for 7000 years.


Kushite Expansion Out of Africa

There is DNA evidence to confirm the Kushite migration out of Africa. The Kushan-Yuezhi provide evidence of the perhaps the most recent movement of the Kushites out of Africa. Some moved into central Asia and China and others moved into Japan. They are also called Gurjar. Gurjar is a reference to their mercantilism and metal work. In Akkadian gurguri means metalworkers or copper smiths. In Oromo gurguru means to sell (gurgurtaa = sale, gurguraa = seller). In Somali gur- refers to collecting something and gurgure means one who collects and keeps collecting. The Gurgure clan of the Dir refers to traders who collect wares and resale them. Among the Dir guri means stick, rod or firearm. Bulghar means "territory of the Ghar."

The Kushan-Yuezhi called themselves Visha or the Vijaya. This is usually rendered "tribes" although the word refers to their two ruling royal houses, as in vijana, the splitting of wisdom. The honorific title Pharaoh originates in the term pr-aa, which means "great house." In Vedic tradition, pra-jna means "wisdom of the great house." The words have multiple, related meanings (polysemic). In Vedic tradition the a-laya-vijña-na is the seed of the receptacle-world, but literally it means the receptacle of the seed, as in va-gina, symbolized originally by the pictograph V. Karmic seeds - bija - are laid down in Alaya-vi-jña-na to produce karmic fruition. Alaya (aalaya) refers to a house, dwelling, or a receptacle. Bi appears to be a variant of Vi.

vi or bi - separation, division into 2
jna - wisdom / to know
pra- intensifier

The Kushite rulers maintained a pattern on intermarriage between two ruling lines. We find this pattern in Genesis. The lines of Kain and Seth intermarried. The lines of Ham and Shem intermarried, as did the lines of Abraham and Nahor, and the lines of Amram and Jethro intermarried. This is a distinctive feature of the marriage pattern of the Nilotic Ainu and their Edomite kinsmen whose rulers are listed in Genesis 36. This marriage pattern preserved their genetic type and the distinctive hairy face and red skin tone. In Genesis Esau of Edom is described as hairy and red.

There is a mistaken idea that all the peoples who moved out of Africa were black. However, among Abraham's Nilotic ancestors there was a range of skin color and appearance. To this day, Africa has the greatest genetic diversity of any continent.

The facial structure of the Kushan and Ainu is also similar, as is seen in the following images.  Common features include high cheekbones, an aquiline long nose, full lips and a beard and moustache. The beard is often ginger colored or dark brown with reddish highlights. Ancient Chinese sources describe the existence of "white people with long hair" called the Bai people in the Shan Hai Jing. 

Ainu elder of Hokkaido

Linguistic Research Needed

The range of territory ruled by the Kushites makes it a challenge to discover cognates. Consider, for example, the words Kanishka and Jianisejia. These would not be readily recognized as cognates. Likewise, few historians recognize that a variant of Kushan-Yuezhi is Gueis-Huang. Clearly there is a need for further study to uncover the linguistic dispersion of the Kushites. 

Linguistic similarities have been noted. The Ainu and Han scripts, for example, are variations of an older Kushite script. Kushan rulers spoke a Saka language. The Khotanese Saka language is found among the Tarim Mummies. János Harmatta pointed out that this language is very similar to the Bactrian language as outlined in his analysis of the Dasht-e-Nawur inscriptions.

Sa-ka and Ainu are both archaic words for Human Being. The Ka was believed to be the essence of the person received from the mother. This is also the root of the honorific title Kain, Qayan or Khan, meaning king. This resembles the Old Nubian ko meaning master and the Meriotic honorific qo, meaning noble or ruler. Variants include Xan, Han, Ke-Han, and the Mongolian Qaan.  Eve gave birth to Kain/Cain and said "ka-niti" which is related to the ancient Egyptian ka-ntr, meaning "spirit or essence of a king." The ancient Nilotes believed that the Ka was received from the mother and the Ba from the father.

Linguist Penelope Aubin notes, "In language history, it is not uncommon for the outermost reaches of a language's range to preserve archaic features long after the original language (spoken and written) has undergone considerable change. Icelandic's relation to Old Norse and Old Irish's relation to early Celtic are examples." This appears to be the case with the words priest and water. In ancient Egyptian tera-ntr refers to a ruler-priest and among the Ainu tera means priest. The Ainu word for water is aka, which corresponds to asta, the Old Nubian word for water.

Aubin notes a linguistic connection between Aramaic and the script used by the Kushana. She writes, "Kharosthi, closely related to Brahmi, another of the rare alphasyllabaries mentioned earlier, was a script used in western India beginning around 500 B.C.E. under the Maurya emperor Asoka; it continued under the Kushana dynasty until the 4th century C.E. It appears on both Persian sigloi and on Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coinage. This script may have been a hybrid of Aramaic, which was introduced by the Persian Achaemenid rulers who conquered Northwest India, and the indigenous Brahmi script, itself possibly inspired by Aramaic. It is sometimes referred to as Indo-Aramaic."

There is also a correspondence between place names of sacred sites in Kushan territories and Kushite territories. Karnak, Orissa, On (the root of Onogar) and Borno are examples. The Kushan capital was Hucao at the lower Wakhsh (Oxus) and the Darya-i Pandj (Ochus) river valley towards Aï Khanum. Aï Khanum reflects the Afro-Asiatic words Khan or Kain and Ai. Ai is the name of an ancient shrine in Palestine. Genesis 12: 8 says that Abraham proceeded “to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, with Bethel on the west and Ai on the east; and there he built an altar to the Lord and called upon the name of the Lord."

Here is a provocative linguistic connection between the Ainu of northwest China and the Nilotic Ainu who moved out of Africa. The Ainu of northwest China live in the region of Tian. Tian is also the oldest known name for the Supreme Creator in China. Ti-an means the Most High God of the Ainu. The Ainu of China practice circumcision and animal sacrifice. Their stories of creation and explanations of corruption in Paradise have parallels to the Genesis accounts.


Pyramids and Mummies

Xian China, the Tarum Valley
There are 125 pyramids and 5 are 3 times higher than the pyramid of Khufu at Giza.

The oldest Tarum Mummies found in China date from 1900 B.C. The so-called "Ur-David" mummy (shown below) was tall and had red hair. This mummy, also called Cherchen Man or Chärchän Man, dates to about 1000 B.C.

Note the solar mark on this ruler's face.

The Ainu of China are described as a "caste of circumcisers." They number approximately 6,500 people. Most live scattered over northwest China in the counties of Hetian, Luopu, Moyu, Shache, Yingjisha, and Shulekuche, near the ancient oasis city of Kashgar. They keep sheep and goats.

The Ainu of China experience the same social discrimination and abuse as the Inadan of Niger. The majority of Uygur dislike the Ainu and call them abdal, which means "beggar." Likewise, the dominant Taureg refer to the tent-dwelling Inadan as thieves and beggars. The Inadan keep herds and are responsible for metal work, circumcision, and music at special events. Their chiefs maintain two wives in separate households on a north-south axis, as did Abraham and his forefathers. Inadan men are the only persons permitted to work metals. The Inadan claim to be kin to King David (Aug. 1979, National Geographic, p. 389).

Related reading: Solving the Ainu Mystery; From the Nile to the Philippines: Tracing the Gurjars; Chinese Geneticist: Chinese Ancestors Were Africans; China's One True God; The Nile-Japan Ainu Connection; A Kindling of Ancient Memory; The Religion of the Saka

The Ruach of God

Alice C. Linsley


In the ancient world the order of creation was viewed as hierarchical and fixed. This was based on the observation of patterns in nature. In the time of Abraham's Kushite ancestors, the observation of the fixed movement of the heavenly bodies was done by a caste of priests. They noted the constellations have a clocklike movement, the seasons are linked to the 12 lunar cycles, and the Sun directly over head marks mid-day.  The stars also suggested a fixed order in creation, as did the winds associated with the breath or spirit of God.

The ancient Afro-Asiatics perceived boundaries in the nature order. The boundaries were fixed within the hierarchy or pyramid of kinds. The Biblical "kind" is not synonymous with the word "species."  Because of mutation and adaptation there are many more creatures now than there are kinds. Kinds refers to the original essence of a created entity (think Plato's eternal Forms). Creationists believe the essence of an entity never disappears. The Biblical "kind" represents an essentialist worldview.

The Afro-Asiatic priests saw boundaries in earth's geometry. This is reflected in the wisdom literature of Job, Proverbs and Ben Sira. From the tops of high mountains they noted the curvature of the Earth at dawn and dust. They "oriented" themselves by facing east as the Sun rose.  They conceived of the cosmos as God's sacred pyramid or temple. As the Sun rose, God entered the temple from the east.  As the Sun set, God left the temple toward the west. Rulers were buried in pyramids with the hope that they would rise with the Sun and lead their people in procession to immortality. St. Paul refers to this belief when he writes about how Christ rose from the grave, leading captives in his train. (Ephesians 4:7-9)

This is the symbolism of the sand scarab which comes out of the sand when the Sun rises and returns to the sand as night approaches. The sand scarab represents the Sun's journey and repose in death. The female sand beetle lays her eggs in the sand and when the eggs hatch, she is no longer, because she gives her body to be eaten by her newborn young (cf. Jesus' words, "This is my Body given for you...").

For Abraham's Horite ancestors, the Sun and the scarab spoke to them of their deity, HR (Horus in Greek). He was regarded with his father Ra as the marker of boundaries. Horo (oros in Greek) refers to boundaries. From horo come the English words harmony, hour, horizon and horoscope. Today "horoscope" connotes astrology, but the word originally meant observer of the hours, from hora (time or hour) and skopos (observer or watcher). Horite priests were ardent observers of the heavens and thought about the cosmos in terms of divinely established boundaries and celestial patterns.

In the time of Abraham's Nilotic ancestors, the priests of Horus (called "Horites" in the Bible) were dedicated to observation of the planets and constellations. They believed that the pattern of the heavens was mirrored on earth. They observed that the planets and the constellations have an orderly clock-like movement and they perceived as that being the same order on earth. They conceived of this order as fixed and established by the generative force that makes existence possible (logos, ruach, wisdom). The Horite priests were the known earliest astronomers and it is likely that horo is a reference to their celestial archetypes surrounding Horus, the son of Ra, born to Hathor-Meri. Hathor-Meri's animal totem was a cow. She is shown at the Dendura Temple holding her newborn son in a manger or stable.

The Horites were devotees of HR (Hor, Hur, Har or Horus) whose mother Hathor-Meri conceived miraculously by the overshadowing of the Sun (the Creator's emblem). Horus is the archetype by which Abraham's descendants would recognize Jesus as the promised Seed of the Woman (Gen. 3:15). His authentication was His rising from the dead on the third day, in accordance with Horite expectation. As St. Augustine noted, the Egyptians took great care in the burial of their dead and never practiced cremation, as in the religions that seek to escape physical existence. Abraham's ancestors believed in the resurrection of the body and awaited a deified king who would rise from the grave and deliver his people from death.

Horus controlled the wind (ruach). The Harmattan trade wind which blows from the northeast and east across the western Sahara was named for Horus. The Nilotic peoples were probably the first in invent the sail because the prevailing wind blows south while the Nile (Hapi) flows north. Horus was invoked to send favorable wind. The four winds sometimes appeared as birds at the four quarters of the heavens announcing the accession of Horus' deified ruler on earth. On the walls of Amenemhat's burial chamber at Hawara Horus is depicted at the cardinal points and associated with the resurrection of the ruler.

Canopic jars showing the
4 forms of Horus

At the north he is Horus the dog-headed (a warrior); at the east he is Horus the jackal-headed (a judge); at the south he is Horus the Man (God's message in the flesh) and at the west he is Horus the falcon-headed. In the Pyramid Texts these four are called the "Four Spirits." These coincide with Sirius (dog) and the Pole Star (jackel). The Pole Star represents "the power of stability fixed at the center of the universe." This is why Horus as jackel is seen at the center of the Dendura planisphere. Horus the Man is the "dark Sun" or Mercury. He is nearest the Sun, but visible only at night. Horus the falcon is he who perches "upon the ramparts of the house of him of the hidden name." He flies with the Sun to west, as is evident in this stone relief from Angkor Wat showing Horus as a falcon perches upon the mast of Ra's solar boat:

Angkor is derived from Ankh Hor, meaning Life to Horus!

Consider how Horus, the archetype of Christ, describes himself in the Coffin texts (passage 148):

"I am Horus, the great Falcon upon the ramparts of the house of him of the hidden name. My flight has reached the horizon. I have passed by the gods of Nut. I have gone further than the gods of old. Even the most ancient bird could not equal my very first flight. I have removed my place beyond the powers of Set, the foe of my father Osiris. No other god could do what I have done. I have brought the ways of eternity to the twilight of the morning. I am unique in my flight. My wrath will be turned against the enemy of my father Osiris and I will put him beneath my feet in my name of 'Red Cloak'." (Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt by R.T. Rundle Clark, p. 216)

Here we find the words of Psalm 110:1, a messianic reference: The Lord says to my Lord: "Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet."

Horus and the Winds

In the ancient world, the earth below was perceived as a mirror of the celestial order above. The cosmological significance ot the four quarters of the winds - north, east, south and west - are apparent in Homer's writings. The quarters were divided again to configure an 8-point order for the winds know to the Greeks after Homer. By the time of Eratosthenes (c. 276 – 195 BC) a 12-point wind configuration had emerged, but the 8-point configuration was used again in the time of Andronicus of Kyrrhos in the first century BC. Around the top of the Tower of Winds that he designed 8 winds are named: Boreas (N), Kaikias (NE), Eurus (E), Apeliotes (SE), Notus (S), Livas (SW), Zephyrus (W), and Skiron (NW). The North, Northeast, Northwest and East are associated with men (masculine principle) and the Southwest, West, South and Southeast are associated with women (the feminine principle). This suggests the binary influence of the earlier Afro-Asiatics.

The Horologion

Andronicus' tower is called the "Horologion." Here again we see the root horo. Abraham's Nilotic Proto-Saharan ancestors were the first that we know of to associate the wind with the divine generative force. Ruach eloyim means spirit, breath, wind, movement of God. The association of wind with Horus is seen also in the word harmattan, referring to the dry wind that seasonally blows across the Sahara.

Ancient towers and temples reflect the cosmology of their builders. The differing geometric shapes of the temples of the Horite Sabians (Afro-Arabian Dedanites) associated the hexagon with Saturn, the triangle with Jupiter, the rectangle with Mars, the square with the Sun, the octagon with the Moon, and a triangle within a quadrangle with Venus.


Fixed Boundaries in Genetics

The word horotely is used to describe the boundaries of evolutionary change for a given group of plants or animals. The term is rarely used today since is implies fixed boundaries between "kinds" (to use the Biblical term). This is not a popular idea among those who believe that chimps and humans have a common ancestor because they have similar anatomical and genetic structure, or that nurse sharks and camels have a common ancestor because they have a similar antigen receptor protein structure.

The Darwinian theory of common ancestry of all living organisms still requires fixed boundaries. Human only reproduce humans and have done so from at least 3.6 million years ago. There are fixed boundaries within the DNA code. While the similarity of humans to primates may suggest a common origin, this common ancestor isn't known to have actually existed. It is the creation of artists who draw images for biology books.

There are now enough fossils recovered in Hadar, Ethiopia and in Cameroon to recontruct a picture of Lucy and her people. They were clearly human and not apes although the artists drawings persist in showing them as hairy and apelike. For example, complete fourth metatarsal of A. afarensis was discovered at Hadar that shows the deep, flat base and tarsal facets that "imply that its midfoot had no ape-like midtarsal break. These features show that the A. afarensis foot was functionally like that of modern humans." 

When Jeremy DeSilva studied the anatomy of chimps and compared his findings with the anatomical structure of the ankle joint, the tibia and the talus of fossil "hominins" between 4.12 million to 1.53 million years, he discovered that all of the hominin ankle joints resembled those of modern humans rather than those of apes. Chimpanzees flex their ankles 45 degrees from normal resting position. This makes it possible for apes to climb trees with great ease. While walking, humans flex their ankles a maximum of 20 degrees. The human ankle bones are quite distinct from those of apes, and apparently have been from the beginning. In other words, though there are anatomical and genetic similarities upon which to group humans and chimps in the same genus, the two have distinctly different essences. In the essentialist view, similarities cannot be regarded as proof of common ancestors. Common ancestors can only be possible where a creature reproduces it own kind.


Related reading:  Theories of Change and Constancy; Resurrection as Mirrored Reality; The Horite Ancestry of Jesus Christ; Who Were the Horites?; Genesis and Genetics